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"The after-effects of Covid-19 are substantial," said Dr Ziyad Al-Aly, director of the clinical epidemiology centre at the Veterans Affairs St Louis Health Care System in Missouri, who led the research.
"Governments and health systems must wake up to the reality that Covid-19 will cast a tall shadow in the form of long Covid, and has devastating consequences. I am concerned that we are not taking this seriously enough."
The chances of a heart attack, stroke, or other major cardiovascular events in the first 12 months of Covid-19 recovery increase with the severity of the initial illness, the researchers found.
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They found non-hospitalised Covid-19 patients had a 39 per cent increased risk of developing heart failure and a 2.2-fold increased risk of a potentially deadly blood clot, known as a pulmonary embolism, in the following year, compared with someone who did not develop the disease.
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That works out to an extra 5.8 cases of heart failure and 2.8 cases of pulmonary embolism for every 1,000 Covid-19 patients who were never hospitalised.
Being hospitalised for Covid-19 is associated with a 5.8-fold increased risk of cardiac arrest and almost a fourteenfold greater chance of myocarditis, or inflammation of the heart muscle, the study found.
Covid-19 patients who needed intensive care are at significantly greater risk, with almost one in seven suffering a major adverse cardiac event that they would not have otherwise had within a year.