Hi,
Naja, die Placebo-Gruppe ist schon nötig, da man damit halbwegs feststellen kann, ob es wirklich der Impfstoff/das Medikament ist, oder eben nicht.
Hier noch was zum Thema "absolute risk reductions ", von der Dr Cunningham schreibt, für die Mathematiker unter uns:
https://www.meddent.uwa.edu.au/__dat...n_guide0.2.pdfUnderstanding absolute and relative risk reduction
• The differences between relative and absolute risk reductions are often poorly understood by health professionals, and even more poorly understood by patients. However these concepts are critical for communicating information to your patients.
• The event rate is the proportion of people in the population who experience the particular event. The event rate changes according to baseline risk. While an event rate is reported in a clinical trial, you can only ever estimate an event rate for your patient using an understanding of their disease and risk factors.
• The relative risk reduction is the difference in event rates between two groups, expressed as a proportion of the event rate in the untreated group. For example, if 20% of patients die with treatment A, and 15% die with treatment B, the relative risk reduction is 25%. If the treatment works equally well for those with a 40% risk of dying and those with a 10% risk of dying, the absolute risk reduction remains 25% across all groups.
• The absolute risk reduction is the arithmetic difference between the event rates in the two groups. This varies depending on the underlying event rate, becoming smaller when the event rate is low, and larger when the event rate is high. In the example above, there is a 5% absolute risk reduction with treatment B if the event rate is 20%. However as the event rate increases to 40%, the absolute risk reduction increases to 10%. As the event rate decreases to 10%, the absolute risk reduction decreases to 2.5%.
The treatment still works just as well, but the numbers have changed.
• If a patient is told that treatment B reduces their risk of dying by 25% (the relative risk reduction), they may make a different decision to the one they would make when told that treatment B reduces their risk of dying by 2.5%.
• The number needed to treat is calculated as 1/ARR. It is the number of people that you would have to treat with treatment B in order to save one additional life. In the examples above, treatment B may give a NNT that varies from 10 to 40 depending on the expected event rate.
Und hier noch was zur "Vaccine efficacy/Vaccine effectiveness":
https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss19.../section6.htmlVaccine efficacy and vaccine effectiveness measure the proportionate reduction in cases among vaccinated persons. Vaccine efficacy is used when a study is carried out under ideal conditions, for example, during a clinical trial. Vaccine effectiveness is used when a study is carried out under typical field (that is, less than perfectly controlled) conditions.
Vaccine efficacy/effectiveness (VE) is measured by calculating the risk of disease among vaccinated and unvaccinated persons and determining the percentage reduction in risk of disease among vaccinated persons relative to unvaccinated persons. The greater the percentage reduction of illness in the vaccinated group, the greater the vaccine efficacy/effectiveness. The basic formula is written as:
In the first formula, the numerator (risk among unvaccinated − risk among vaccinated) is sometimes called the risk difference or excess risk.
Vaccine efficacy/effectiveness is interpreted as the proportionate reduction in disease among the vaccinated group. So a VE of 90% indicates a 90% reduction in disease occurrence among the vaccinated group, or a 90% reduction from the number of cases you would expect if they have not been vaccinated.
Gruß
Alef