Eine differenzierte Einstellung zu verschiedenen Martial Arts wird auch von den von kanken in
diesem Beitrag fett markierten Artikeln gestützt:
z.B.
Diamond and Lee, 2011
Traditional martial arts emphasize self-control, discipline (inhibitory control), and character development.
Hätte man das nicht noch vor kurzem hier als "Budo-Romantik" bezeichnet?
"Charakter Entwicklung"
Wie sieht es mit nicht traditionellen Kampsport aus?
Instructive findings are reported in a study with adolescent juvenile delinquents (29). One group was assigned to traditional Tae-Kwon-Do (emphasizing qualities such as respect, humility, responsibility, perseverance, and honor as well as physical conditioning; focusing on self-control and self-defense). Another group was assigned to modern martial arts (martial arts as a competitive sport). Those in traditional Tae-Kwon-Do showed less aggression and anxiety and improved in social ability and self-esteem. Those in modern martial arts showed more juvenile delinquency and aggressiveness, and decreased self-esteem and social ability
[...]
What lessons can be learned about what aids EF development in young children from these six approaches?
[...]
(g) Exercise alone may not be as efficacious in improving EFs* as exercise-plus-character-development (traditional martial arts [28]) or exercise-plus-mindfulness (31).
.
*EF = Executive Functions: including mentally playing with ideas, giving a considered rather than an impulsive response, and staying focused.
oder
a recent large-scale review of 84 studies conducted by Diamond and Ling (2016)
Hier zeigt, sich, dass es Insbesondere bei den MA kommt darauf ankommt, wie bzw. von
wem die unterrichtet werden:
3. Whether EF gains are seen depends on the way an activity is presented and conducted (as the song says, “’Tain’t What You Do [It's The Way That You Do It]”). Trulson (1986) deliberately varied the way martial arts were taught and found benefits in one case and effects in the opposite direction in the other case. Personal characteristics of those leading a program can have major effects on how beneficial a program is; this has received little attention in the intervention literature
auch hier wird in einer der betrachteten Studien
traditionelles Taekwondo in der Entwicklung von EF anderen Sportarten als überlegen ausgewiesen:
For example, Lakes and Hoyt (2004) randomly assigned kindergarten through Grade 5 classes either to traditional Tae-Kwon-Do martial arts or standard PE. At the end of the school year, children assigned to Tae-Kwon-Do2 showed greater gains than children in standard PE on all dimensions of EFs studied (e.g., cognitive [focused versus distractible], affective [persevere versus quit], and emotion regulation).
in den betrachteten 84 Studien geht es übrigens nicht nur um MA:
In all, we found 84 studies that met our criteria. Many different activities (including computerized training, games, aerobics, resistance training, martial arts, yoga, mindfulness, theater, and certain school curricula) have at least one peer-reviewed published report on their efficacy in improving executive functions
auch in dieser Studie:
Volltext (zur besseren Lesbarkeit oben rechts auf den blauen Button "Download full-text PDF" klicken):
https://www.researchgate.net/profile...ication_detail
wurde eher traditionelle Kampfkunst betrachtet:
Participants of the experimental group practiced three different
types of martial arts (karate, kung fu and ju jitsu),
mainly considered traditional styles. The traditional approach
is less focused on competitive aspects and more
centered on discipline and conflict avoidance.
und mit nicht MA-Aktivitäten verglichen:
The control group was composed of subjects who were
not involved in martial arts, but the under age
children, were all participants in different school team
sports (basketball, volley ball and gymnastics), while
the adults were in independent teams, practicing: soccer,
tennis and swimming. The two groups (experimental
vs. control) were matched for age, gender and IQ
die Studie selbst fand eine Abnahme von aggressivem Verhalten bei den Betreibenden von den genannten traditonellen Kampfkünsten, die Autoren weisen allerdings darauf hin, dass einer anderen Studie für MA als Beispiel für Wettkampfsport, eine Steigerung von aggressivem und antisozialem Verhalten in Betracht gezogen wird (siehe Einschub).
Auch der Einfluss des Umfeldes wird erwähnt:
The
findings in the present study support those that claim that
martial arts practice can be considered a resocialization
method for reducing aggression.44 The results obtained
demonstrate a decrease in different forms of aggression:
physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility.
Martial arts involvement has been considered, on
the other hand, an example of how competitive sports
can lead in time to an increase of aggressiveness and
antisocial behavior;5 according to the “social learning
theory”, the authors often claim that aggressiveness can
be learned within the environment that suggests this
behavior.
==========================================
Einschub:
hier aus der Quelle Nr. 5:
Participation in power sports and antisocial involvement in preadolescent and adolescent boys
The relationship between participation in power or fight and strength sports (boxing, wrestling, weightlifting, and oriental martial arts) and violent and antisocial behaviour was examined in a sample of 477 boys, aged 11 to 13 years at Time 1, over a two‐year period
[…]
Results: The total pattern of results strongly suggests that participation in power sports actually leads to an increase or enhancement of antisocial involvement in the form of elevated levels of violent as well as non‐violent antisocial behaviour outside sports. In addition, there were no indications of selection effects; the presence of such effects would imply that boys who started with power sports were characterised by already elevated levels of antisocial involvement.
[…]
Conclusions:[..]
The negative effects in boys seemed to stem from both the practice of power sports itself and from repeated contact with ‘macho’ attitudes, norms, and ideals.
========================================
bei den betrachteten traditionellen Kampfkünsten nahm die Selbstkontrolle mit steigendem Gürtelrang zu:
In the present research martial artists not
only present lower levels of aggression as opposed to
the control group, but also it seems that physical aggression
is positively influenced by the level of experience:
With the advancement through the belt ranks,
martial artists learn to control their aggressiveness. The
same result was found by Skelton, et al.11 who investigated
the relationship between aggressive behavior and
the advancement through the belt ranks among children
practicing tae know do; the trend analysis resulted in a
significant reduction of aggression. The authors assume
that martial arts is a way to acquire emotional and behavioral
self-control.
ist damit "Budoromantik" wissenschaftlich belegt?
Zitat von Julian Braun
